Wednesday, March 30, 2011

Journal 25 - Travel

Because I got a shot today, my arm hurts when I type... This has been bringing into my mind the questions I have about traveling to Ghana.

When I leave the St. Louis Airport, I'll have been medicated in 10 different ways for what risks to disease I'll be exposed to on this trip. When I pack my bag and my backpack, I need to pack just a few things that will be important for the three months I'm there - books, clothes and a laptop. But when I get to Accra, my Ghanaian friends tell me if I wear a backpack, I'll get robbed... I'll change money and stay in Accra for the night then head out the next day for Wiamoase, find Esther's house and settle into the community and my room. I'll be covered in bug-spray with sunscreen on top of that to keep from getting malaria and cancer from the malarial medication that makes my skin sensitive to the sun... I won't know anyone in the community and they won't know anything about me, a map is always a nice thing for a Geography student to have in an unknown place, but I hope that it won't stay unknown for a long time. What will I do that first day? How do people in Wiamoase get to know each other? What should I record my thoughts on? How much time should I spend with Deidre and Corrine, and how separate should I be? I'm imagining the reality of this experience because it makes me more excited about the actual experience. What will be my first Ghanaian meal? Where will I get it and how will I choose what to eat? When will I have my last American meal? How will my stomach handle Ghanaian spices? Where will I get good water to drink?? What should I do if the water source is questionable?

I know we're going to discuss all these things in the Marathon meeting, but I thought I'd explore the experience first for myself.

Monday, March 28, 2011

Journal 24 - Be Flexible

Today is just one of those brain-dead days when nothing I've been thinking about relates to Ghana or doing research there. I've been planning for fall semester you see, and I just can't focus back on the summer. Let's see...

When I go to Ghana, I'm worried about a lot of unknowns involved with research, travel and relationships. It's a major challenge to my research preparation, but an understandable one that everyone probably goes through--there is just no way to prepare for some things until your in that situation.

However, in class we've talked about the importance of preparing the way we can and then being flexible while you're in the field. I'm sure that since I've struggled to develop my project and methods this entire semester, they will experience many changes in the field as well. I'm not sure how to let the IRB know about those changes but I expect that I'll learn about how to do that before I go.

I'm also nervous about the food I'll eat and how exactly we'll get to Wiamoase from Accra, but I'm sure that we'll be able to cover some of that in the Marathon meeting. I hope to have all of the numbers I may need (the US Embassy, Ashley, Andrew, the number on the back of my debit card, and Esther's number) but I feel like once I've got all the information I need and feel prepared for anything, I'll be more flexible with whatever may happen because I'll feel like I can handle whatever may happen.

I'm grateful for the lessons I learned on my mission about approaching people, relating to people, developing rapport with people, networking, working efficiently in whatever time I have with a person, and focusing on what matters most. I appreciate that since I could handle that experience so well, I feel more capable of handling this experience, and I'm grateful for the advice I keep getting from others that are concerned for me and help me know what to do in different situations.

I can't wait to grow! But I'm still nervous about how it will happen.

Journal 23 - Exploring Challenges with PRA

I chose for my study of the Health Clinic to use PRA methods when I interview.

I have a list of precautions from Chamber's book that highlights some of the risks to my methods I never considered, he called the chapter "Mistakes with Participation" and here are my notes:

1. Training and Consultancy – behavior and attitudes are as important as methods.
2. Routines and Ruts – an argument for flexibility is that good participatory processes always differ and cannot proceed by fixed methods or time scales
3. Exploitation – PRA methods serve well for outsiders’ research. Indeed, they serve almost too well because of the overwhelming data and the quality of insights that they can generate in a short time. But they also take people’s time and energy. These are far from costless. There have been many cases where local people have been exploited, thinking that there will be benefits from their participation when there will be none. The researchers depart, having extracted local people’s “outputs” – primary resources which they then process elsewhere for their own benefit from the added value.
4. Expectations – PRA processes tend to raise expectations. After giving their time, energy and creativity to appraisal, analysis and sometimes planning, local people may still expect some follow-up. The ethical problems posed are worrying, but are now better recognized and more often grappled with. There is a tendency for appraisal to run ahead of action, and often to be followed by nothing at all except disillusion and anger among community members who have become involved and given their time. Local initiative from findings, local actions and proposals
5. Targets and Rushing: abuses are a function of scale and speed. Targets misfit, deter and even prevent participation
6. Saturation – how many projects like this have been done in this area? How many maps have already been made? How many assessments have already been done?
7. Don’t go in with too many expectations for what you’ll accomplish
8. Don’t try to find out everything. Find a focus question!

As regards concern #6 - researching on the specific projects done in Wiamoase will help me avoid repetative interviews/projects for interviews. I need to look up previous studies people have done in Wiamoase to find out what information people in the community have already provided. If I do my research well enough, I can find some of my information from people that have already done studies in Wiamoase, instead of asking for repeat information from the community members and frustrating or wasting their time.


The other concerns I have deal with #3 and #4 - I feel like there's a balance I need to strike between these two.

With my project, I am analyzing different factors in the community and how they affect access of the people to healthcare, so when people take the time to help me understand the issues and challenges they see, wouldn't the expect that sharing those concerns will bring change? I can't promise for the clinic that things will improve, I don't even know how open the clinic administration will be to the results of my study. This is an aspect of my study I should come to understand before I do interviews so that maybe I can explain to the interviewees the association (or lack of associate) this interview has with changes or improvement the clinic wants to make. In the meantime, how can I make sure I'm wasting as little of another person's time as I can? I need to be prepared as much as possible for the interviews I conduct, with topics and sub-topics or goals for each interview. I need to find as much information as I can by myself instead of asking every question I have without doing any of my own observations or initial research. With PRA methods I'll get great answers for my research, but only if I am prepared with good questions and goals for what I hope to learn from each person. I can do this to show respect for the time I'm taking from people's day, but I also should acknowledge that I won't always know everything I want to learn. I need to learn and develop interview skills that will make a less structured interview, or an interview where I'm not sure yet what I'll study, a better expereince and effective because of the skills I've worked on.

As concerns #4, How will I deal with a situation where a person shares information with the expectation that the concerns or challenges they discuss with me will change or that I will work to improve them? I think I need to consider the role the clinic is willing to play as far as follow through. They may only allow me to do the study but not be open to the results, in which case the interviews I conduct will only be helpful to other clinics and organizations that are more open. If this is the case, I should understand that before I interview people so that I explain clearly the potential influence (or lack of influence) of their talking with me and avoid raising their expectations.

On the other hand, the clinic may be interested in some of the insights, but what if some of the things I share end up being offensive? Can I even share this information with the clinic? Will it effect my interviews if people think I'll share the results with the clinic? These are all good questions. What if my findings highlight problems with culture, politics or staff at the clinic? How can I share my results so that they aren't offensive or target specific audiences. If I share my results with the clinic, I would only be able to share it with the Administrative official, and only if I'm certain sharing the information wouldn't implicate any of the people I interviewed.

It's a paradoxical situation I'm not exactly certain how to navigate, and it will be on my mind as I prepare for this trip.

Wednesday, March 23, 2011

Journal 22 - It's Getting Closer!

When I finally turned in my IRB Proposal on Monday morning, it took about 30 minutes for the stress (that had been my week-long companion) to leave and be replaced by a dawning realization of the enormity of what I'm about to go do in Ghana.

Today Corrine, Deidre and I will be putting together our information so we can send off for our visas and my immunizations and vaccinations appointment is set for Friday. How did the entire semester fly by? I can't believe that in a month and a half I'll be headed from St. Louis to Ghana. And once I get there, how will I conduct my study?

The last few days I've had less on my plate with all my classes, so I've had time to delve into my sources and attempt to cement my methods. When I do research on my own, I tend to read on a topic and then try to expand my research to incorporate what I learned; that quickly gets overwhelming and I hope that in my research over the next few days I'll be able to take those lessons and instead find a way to apply them so my methods more specific.

I think my methods will change once I get to Wiamoase, because--like many people have explained to me--it's impossible to really grasp what I CAN study until I'm in the field. So what in my preparation will be useful for me, useful in the field, or a waste? I think that a lot of the research I've done is time consuming but informing me in important ways. I read last night through Robert Chamber's Participatory books, and it helped me feel like I understood the reasoning behind participatory research/evaluate--since that's an important part of my research, what I learned (the advantages of participatory to survey research, the challenges of evaluation without input from local people, the values and ideals behind participatory research) is helping me prepare. Some of my research will be useful in the field, especially the studies that deal with rural or health and development. The problems or challenges that these studies identify (access to the clinic, costs associated with clinic use, challenges of education, availability of clinic workers, efficiency, and equity of clinics) help me prepare my methods now to explore those challenges.

But what questions can I ask? Will they understand the meaning of my question? Will I even find anything? Will I find too much? How will I focus my study? Can I focus it more now if I don't know the challenges faced in this specific community? I've never conducted real research or interviews before, I've never done anything like this, and I don't know how to prepare my methods beyond more hours of time consuming research that may or may not be helping me prepare.

Don't even get me started on the questions I have about culture, foreign travel, illnesses and being a stranger in a community I want to do research in. These are concerns everyone has, but it's hard to deal with them when they loom in the near future and I don't have answers yet.

Wednesday, March 16, 2011

Journal 21 - Inquiry Conference

I am really glad I attended the keynote address for Inquiry Conference today, but I'm even more grateful I decided to listen to Abigail Fisher's presentation on Culture Shock.

The two presentations dealt with things I've had concerns about when entering the field, and both discussed aspects of these concerns I'd never really considered. When Rogers defined inquiry as "extracting meaning from an experience" that really struck me as an appropriate name for a conference where students reports on study abroad experiences, specifically the significance of what they studied and learned from studying abroad. I think that the focus of the Field Study Prep class had really focused on readings and discussion that teach me to extract more meaning from my experience in another culture, and taught me to consider the meaning of my own actions. I liked specifically what she mentioned about understanding yourself and your influence on other circles. What will be my influence on the community I enter? How might that impact my study? What is my motive or agenda with this project? She made me reconsider the situation I'll find myself in in the field, the assumptions I've made about my project, and even examine why I chose this particular topic of evaluating development.

The other presentation I liked dealt with culture shock. As Abigail Fisher talked about her study, I found myself trying to identify how I've reacted in the past to culture shock. I know I get really quiet, but I also get really clean, and find myself evaluating and judging other people's behavior in my head--like I'm unwilling to trust others when I'm so vulnerable. This presentation made me seriously consider how I could prepare now, and what goals I could set now that would help me cope in the field. I'd really like to spend a little more time with Corrine and Deidre, but one on one time that allows me to develop more personal relationships with each. I also want to set goals for how I will interact with people when I reach the field because I know that relationships are often postponed when I'm stressed or shocked, because I think it will be better "later" when I've adjusted. I want to develop ways to personally cope with the challenge of culture in the first few weeks.

These are my thoughts from Inquiry Conference. I'm glad I picked these two presenters.

Monday, March 7, 2011

Journal 20 - Holy Ground and Respect for People That Came Before Me

“Our first task in approaching another people, another culture, another religion, is to take off our shoes, for the place we are approaching is holy. Else we may find ourselves treading on men’s dreams. More serious still, we may find that God was here before our arrival.”

What an eloquent idea. As I read Oman's "Baskets and Dancing Blankets" I was struck by his argument and especially this quote. It's true that often we enter another culture with our own ideas of what is superior, but in doing that, we create a barrier between ourselves and an opportunity to learn and understand the people and community we've entered. It limits us from learning, but it also limits us from understanding what is really occurring around us. The quote helped me begin thinking about my project from a different aspect than I ever have before. In the clinics I'll be visiting in Ghana, there are methods and efforts that workers have adopted or developed that help them survive and sustain their effort in this community. The things that they have accomplished in these communities is directly related to what they have developed. Was I really thinking that I could just enter their community and identify their resources and needs, diagnose ways they could improve, and understand the needs of the clinic WITHOUT first finding out what they have already done to improve things and what their goals and objectives with the clinic really are? I know this would be a challenge because often in my life I walk into a situation analyzing everything, mentally noting what works and what is dis-functional and possible reasons why. I rarely have the patience to first ask what has already been attempted, what has already been improved, what the people that were here before me feel they have done and how they feel they have succeeded.

I know it's important for real understanding of a place and people, but do I have the patience to do it? And could I really understand them and succeed in my research aims if I didn't do this? Even if they explained their goals for the clinic, would I understand them or respect those ideas the way I should? But if these efforts mean everything to these people, I will accomplish nothing and possibly have a negative impact if I don't first consider those efforts.

Friday, March 4, 2011

Journal 19 - Silent Communication and Project Concerns

As I read and study my sources, as I struggle with my IRB proposal and precision in my methods, as I try and imagine myself in Wiamoase without any real ability to communicate with the people there--I realize I'm still in over my head.

I wonder if my limited expertise on the topic of development is acceptable. I wonder if my topic is too broad or if it's just over my head as far as expertise goes. I wonder how, with the limited time I have left, I'll be able to improve my project and work to be acceptable and doable? I don't think I've had more than two or three days of relief from these "jitters" and I wonder if I will have any freedom from those jitters before December. I guess those are just part and parcel with the adventure, growth and challenges of field studies.

I really appreciated the articles we had assigned today. It's an interesting and challenging concept to fully grasp, how we can convey SO MANY things to each other with just our eyes and our hand motions. The most I've ever thought about in terms of non-verbal communication has to do with what you do when someone is talking to you: make eye contact, focus your attention and don't multi-task or avoid eye contact. I never thought about the messages people send when they are walking or interacting with other people(like someone's wife for example), but it's interesting that you either communicate subconsciously intentionally or not, but if someone's watching, they are subconsciously reading into what you aren't saying. It made me think about how imperfect I am, but how glad I am that the gospel isn't a game of masquerade, but that instead it changes a person from the inside out; what a perfect plan God has.

I guess that the concerns I have about my project are all about internal things. I could make it sound like I've hammered down my methods and know if I'm qualified for what I want to do, but I want to know for myself what I'm doing and that I can do it, then I think the IRB will be easier to finish.